Welcome to 'The Ipoh Portico'

Salam Semua,

Ini adalah satu kisah yang mungkin berlaku semasa persembahan fasa BDI pada Isnin nanti:

“Salam Semua dan selamat datang ke persembahan Best Design Idea kami. Kami dari Kumpulan, __________ ingin mengenegahkan satu rekabentuk yang kami namakan THE IPOH PORTICO!

Banyangkan satu bangunan yang nampaknya seperti sudah usang dari luar tetapi apabila dilihat dengan lebih dekat merupakan satu bagunan komersial baru, tempat tumpuan orang ramai yang bercirikan konsep Urban (tunjukkan satu Artist Impression di peringkat ini).

The Ipoh Portico adalah satu rekabentuk ide kumpulan kami yang kami ingin ketengahkan. Ia terletak di kawasan ________ dan berdekatan dengan bangunan2 ______,_______,______. Maksud Portico adalah _______________ dan dengan ide ini kami cuba untuk mengekalkan fasad2 Bandaraya Ipoh sambil mewujudkan sesuatu yang baru dan bertenaga.

The Ipoh Portico bertujuan untuk menghidup semula kawasan ini dengan memberi peluang kepada penguhuni2 kawasan2 berdekatan untuk ____,_____,______. The Ipoh Portico di rekabentuk seperti satu bangunan yang lama/usang dari luar tetapi bari dan moden apabila berada didalamnya. Ia berkonsepkan satu rekabentuk yang membayangkan keadaan Bandar Ipoh sekiranya ia tidak dijaga/pulihara dalam masa yang terdekat. Ia adalah satu ide yang berasaskan penghayatan bangunan dan bahan bersejarah Ipoh sambil beriadah dan berniaga.

The Ipoh Portico (tunjukkan Kajian dan lakaran) adalah hasil dari kajian kami di tapak selama ________. Dari kajian seperti ________,____________,_________,_________ ini kami dapati bahawa ide yang ingin kami ketengahkan ini paling sesuai untuk di bangunankan. Antara kajian2 yang kami lakukan adalah, kajian fasad Bandar Ipoh, Sejarah sosio-ekonomi Bandar Ipoh, Kajian rekabentuk ruang riadah dalam Bandar atau Garden in the City, Kajian Restaurant dan Bistro, Kajian _________, ___________, ________...

Ruang2 didalam The Ipoh Portico adalah seperti berikut, (SOA) ______, ___________, ___________. ________________, (tunjuk SOA, skematik2 dan Pespektif dalaman dan terangkan ide setiap ruang yang telah diilhamkan itu. Jangan lupa juga untuk memberi sedikit gambaran penggunaan struktur dalam penerangan Anda). The Ipoh Portico (tunjuk beberapa lagi Artist Impression di peringkat ini) kami pasti akan dapat menghidup semula persekitaran kawasan ini dengan adanya sifat2 ____________, _________ dan hiburan untuk generasi __________...

Sekain, Terima Kasih dan Welcome to The Ipoh Portico!.....
Tuan2 dan Puan2, Ada apa2 soalan ...?"

Ingat untuk bercakap dengan konfident dan secara teratur, relax dan bergaya sambil menghiburkan pelanggan. Anda ada hanya 15 minit sahaja...SOALAN??

DRN : )

Berhati-hati Balik Bercuti!

Gong Xi Fa Cai!

Salam Semua,

Persembahan hari ini serdehana. Banyak yang telah dibuat tetapi tujuan asal BDI masih tidak tercapai. Saya berharap persembahan kepada SDP adalah lebih baik dan kemas. Insyallah SDP akan bersama kita untuk memilih DBI firma pada Isnin nanti. Ingat sekali lagi bahawa tujuan BDI adalah untuk menjual ide anda kepada orang luar. Tekankan perkara2 berikut:

1) Persembahan yang teratur dan tidak mengelirukan
2) Suara yang meyakinkan
3) Jenis bangunan yang hendak di ketengahkan dan mengapa ianya dicadangkan (penting supaya semua dalam kumpulan faham akan tujuan bangunan masing2)
4) Pengetahuan Teknikal yang bersesuaian
5) Lakaran2 yang sesuai (termasuk banyak perspektif dalaman)
6) Model Urban yang siap

Cuti?! ;)...Pandai2lah merancang masa ini. Gunakan masa ini untuk menyiapkan semua kerja anda dengan kemas. Rancanglah kerja supaya masa tidak terbuang begitu sahaja...selamat bercuti dan berhati2lah semasa pulang ke kampung terutamanya kepada mereka yang balik bermotosikal...

DRN

It's Time for a Change!

Salam All,

The time has come for a positive change at ARCHITECTURE PUO. Among other things it needs a new identity, a new logo to reflect the new Us. This logo will go on White T-shirts, Corporate Shirts, Posters etc...

So here is the first few samples or suggestions (CLICK TO ENLARGE) for a New Logo that is called, The Creative Space.

Defining The Creative Space:

Creating creative spaces is probably the aim of most Architects. Our main aim at the Architecture School at PUO is to support the Architects in envisioning their design. Hence, we believe that by appreciating and focusing on creativity in design and construction, we can assist the Architect best. The logo captures the free flow open space design that represents flexibility, nature, and imagination. These three ideas are also represented in the values we hold dear to, i.e. Creativity, Confidence, and Compassion.

...So what do you think of this logo design for PUO’s Programme of Architecture?

Ideas? / Pendapat?

DRN

I Looked but I did not SEE!

Salam Everyone,

Looking is Easy! ; Seeing is Difficult!

Looking only requires you to open your eyes and take in the image in front of you. The healthy eye and a healthy brain will automatically do this for you. It is what they are programmed to do, their function in life. Unless you are blind, ‘Looking’ is uncomplicated, a no problemo situation, any person can do it. Just open your eyes and make sure your eye organ is connected to your brain organ and the rest is just receiving and understanding the images.

Seeing, however, requires a lot more. Seeing even though seems to ‘look’ like simple looking is actually not just that. Seeing on the other hand requires a lot more of work. How?

Well, Seeing requires knowledge, a curious mind filled with questions and answers and an active eye that searches for the visible and the invisible dimensions. Seeing questions the mind. This can only happen if the mind is filled with relevant information - Seeing is only possible if the mind is prepared.

Sem06 and SEM05 are planning to go for their field trip soon. Please remember ‘Design Visits’ (Lawatan) are expensive so please read and research well before going to these visits - Remember to SEE and not just LOOK!

Enjoy

“Perbincangan kali ini adalah di antara Pandang (Looking) dan Nampak (Seeing) yang manakah yang lebih sukar?, Mengapa?”

DRN

Keperluan 'Best Design Idea' (BDI)

Salam Semua,

Ada beberapa perkara yang ingin di sampaikan kepada semua mengenai proses BDI. Mula2 sekali terima kasih kepada Th.Hj Zaharudin dan En.Fikri di atas sumbangan mereka hari ini, Input yang telah diberi saya rasa dapat membantu kita mengharungi fasa seterusnya, iaitu BDI. Justeru itu, ingin saya sampaikan butiran selanjutnya mengenai fasa BDI:

Pada 28/1/11 (Jumaat) ini, kami hendak melihat perkara2 berikut sahaja:

Pemilihan Jenis bangunan dan SOA – sebab ianya dipilih berdasarkan research,

Research – Analisa Tapak dan Keperluan Teknikal Tapak,

Design Sketches – Bagaimana Ide anda berkembang,

Design Schematics – Site Plan, Plan, Section, Elevation, Perspektif2 mudah.

Dan pada 7/02/11 – Isnin pula:

Semua seperti diatas setelah ianya diperbaiki,

Artist Impression,

3D/CGI.

..............dan bagi mengelakkan kekeliruan,sekali lagi disini di paparkan imej perkara2 tersebut:

Baru: Model:

Pastikan fasad yang mengadap tapak di bina dengan detail, termasuk jalan, street furniture, landscape dll

Sketches:

Schematics:

Artist Impression:

Ada apa2 Soalan?

DRN

BEST DESIGN IDEA

Salam Everyone,

First of all Happy Thaipusam to those celebrating it!

The BDI phase is here. This means that each member of firm will have to compete with each other to win the project. This is the most creative phase, your design ideas will be valuated and if accepted, celebrated as the best idea to be designed further.

So what must you do? The requirements are -

Research Results - A1 (Technical for Site & Site Analysis)
Building Suggestion - suggest a building based on analysis. -A1
SOA -A1
Early Design Sketches of Ideas (as shown above) - A1
Early Schematics - Plans, Elevation, Sections - A1
Artist Impressions (2D Perspectives) - 5 to 6 images (A1)
3D Ideas - 1 Mass Model(Real or CGI) on Site

1) Analyze the data you got from the last phase. Try to make sense of it.

2) Come up with a building type/name based on your analysis – Why did you choose it?

3) Draw/Sketch Bubbles first that leads to Schematic Drawings. Here is an appropriate definition of Architectural Schematics I found from the WEB:

“Schematic drawings include basic dimensions of the building, the major architectural elements, and the structural systems. These basic drawings are used as a primary illustration of the project. They are not detailed so that major changes can be made quickly and easily before the real detail design begins.” – These drawings include the usual plans, sections and elevation4) Artist Impression – These are actually perspectives drawn with an artistic flair (think of it as a black and white art with some colors/ painting). The purpose of this drawing is to SELL your idea and WIN the heart and mind of the client.Click Here to see some samples.

Click here to see Bil Fulton 's work.

5) Mass Model – A 3D Model( Digital or Not) to show your design ideas and don't forget your SOA

Again, let me remind you that this is the most creative phase of this project, so please enjoy it!

DRN

SITE ANALYSIS & Beyond!

Salam Everyone,

Let me again congratulate all of you for the effort put into today's presentation. You have come a long way from your first site analysis BUT there is still a LONG way to go.

Also a reminder, think about the process En.Mior reminded all of you:

Data Collection > Site Analysis > Proposal

The next stage is Best Design Idea (BDI), this means that all of you have got to design your Communal Space based on your site analysis and propose your suggestion. This part is going to be a bit tricky since the CHINESE NEW YEAR is just around the corner. Work and plan it through so that our Chinese Friends can have their holiday and yet still do some work. LD/ALD to start planning.

This Friday is all about analysis, research and design proposal.

Good Job today! : )

DRN

Research it first!

Salam Everyone,

Today I went through with most of the groups looking at 'how to do a simple research'. I found out that most of you stick to images only. This is ok but it does not cover other aspects of doing research. Research makes you sure about what you want. I talk to some of you about researching on topics like:

- Types of Gallery
- Types of Garden
- Types of Bazzar
- Galleries in Japan etc
- Definition of Museum etc
- Curator

Please find out what exactly you want to do by doing research. Make sure you don't just look at the images without understanding what you are looking at. Know what kind of building you are creating.

'Pastikan anda tahu apa dulu yang ingin anda cari sebelum melihat gambar atau menyenaraikan SOA, ingat mengenai konsep Public atau Private yang telah di temui tadi. OK katakan anda sedang menyelidik mengenai satu topik ( Garden). Cuba gunakan langkah2 berikut:

- Cari beberapa Definasi Garden dalam BM/BI and cuba buatkan satu kesimpulan
- Cari Jenis2 Garden BM/BI
- Ketahui perbezaan Garden dari kegunaan dan tujuannya
- Lihat gambar2 Garden2 yang berbeza tadi
- Fikir mengenai kegunaan garden dalam projek anda, apakah tujuanya?
- Dari data2 yang diperolehi tadi di atas buatlah satu kesimpulan.

Cuba amalkan langkah2 tersebut untuk setiap kali buat Research."

Know this first before doing the SOA, OK?

All the best for the Site Analysis presentation

DRN

p.s. SEM05 akan merekabentuk ARCHITECTURE SCHOOL sebagai projek terakhir mereka. Sila lihat posting ARCH SCHOOL - Research it first! untuk memahami tujuan research dengan lebih jelas lagi.

../

Mission Impossible: Escher's World

"Are you really sure that a floor can't also be a ceiling?"

Salam Everyone,

Let me introduce you to a special human being, a man that dared to envision the impossible, a man whom I think found the truth to be slightly boring. He often said, “My work is a game, a very serious game…Only those who attempt the absurd will achieve the impossible. I think it's in my basement... let me go upstairs and check.”

This man’s work until today has influenced Art and Architecture maybe even Music. Most designers are familiar with his work. He was only an artist who saw the world in a different light but his sketching skills allowed to share his ideas and talked about possibilities. It makes you think of the impossible and dare you to achieve the 'impractical'. Together with Roger Penrose, his work is tagged as Impossible Object (WIKI).

His name is M.C. Escher

You mission if you choose to accept is to find out more about his works and reflect (think) on them. How does this man's ideas affect your ideas? Which of his work do you like most? - This message will self destruct in 5 seconds!

Click here to proceed!

Comments anyone SEM06/05?

DRN out.

p.s. Please also check out Designers@5 for another Escher's work in the posting Manual vs Computer II: PAM and Escher.

Where is the Square?

File No 1124 : The Case of the Missing Square

Salam Everyone,

The square form has been with us for a long time. From floor plans to corporate designs, the square is no doubt a favorite shape. However, it is also a rigid form and has a 'prison-like' feeling especially in floor plan designs. That change when the designer Frank Lloyd Wright (FLW) manage to creatively create a free flowing space within a square shape.

See how he does it by changing the usual shape of (a) to (b) and then to his design (c).

(Sourced from Elements of Architecture ; Pierre von Meiss, 1990, and images from the net)

Questions:

Can you feel the difference? So where is the square?

Bincang?/Komen?/Opinions? BM or Eng anyone? :)


DRN

Selamat Datang ke McDonnnnalds!

Posting di Designers@5

DRN

SEM05 : Brief project 2

brief project -

Salam Semua,

As of today SEMESTER 05 will be using this blog as well. We welcome them to this site and hope that this common blog will benefit both semesters. We can also visit their blog by using the LINK provided. Lets share ideas!

WELCOME DSB-SEM05 to Designers@PUO. Please feel free to join in the discussions.

Comments?

DRN dan Semua Pensyarah DSB-SEM05

Peperangan Perspektif: Kisah Dua Pelukis Eropah

Salam Semua,

Kedua dua gambar di atas adalah potrait seorang pemuzik klasikal yang terkenal abad ke 18 bernama Paganini. Potret yang disebelah kiri (hitam/putih) adalah hasil karya Dominique Ingress dan potret yang sebelah kanan (warna) adalah kepunyaan Eugene Delacroix.

Kedua-dua pelukis ini mempunyai pandangan yang amat berbeza mengenai halatuju seni lukis. Ingress berperspektif 'Klasikal' iaitu setiap hasil lukisan mestilah mencerminkan keadaan yang sebenar, seperti yang dilihat oleh mata (objektif). Delacroix pula percaya akan kelebihan perasaan pelukis, style/gaya pelukis tersendiri dan dia lebih menyokong perspektif 'Romantik'(subjective). Lukisannya pula mencerminkan "mood" dan "character" Paganini melalui tafsiran pelukis. Ini tidak dianggap penting oleh pengikut perspektif “Klasikal”. Pada mereka nilai ‘draftmanship’ adalah yang paling penting dan bukan pendapat/pandangan pelukis yang dicari2. Maka berlakulah pertilingkahan antara kedua-dua insan ini yang sehingga hari ini perbalahan ini mempunyai impek yang besar kepada semua hasil karya seni – ‘Classical vs. Romanticism.’

Soalan hari ini adalah,:
(1)sebagai seorang pereka seni apakah pandangan anda mengenai perbalahan ini? (2)kategori manakah yang anda lebih cenderung – Draftsmanship atau Konseptual?

Pandangan? :0

DRN

'Hello! Tolong! Kami nak kena design apa ni?' - Thinking of Building Types

Salam Sem06,

What are we going to design on our site? If your 'firm' is experiencing this problem, then this posting might help (I hope)...

I was browsing the web and found this informative site which among other things lists some types of buildings/communal spaces that you can use in your design. It was from Architectural Record. Basically it can be group into these types -

Educational / Healthcare / Office Building / Retail / Performing Arts / Spaces for leisure / Transportation / Commercial Buildings / Hotel and Hospitality / Libraries & Museum/ Religious Buildings / Sport Facilities / Civic Building / Design Studios / Parks and Public Spaces / Restaurants…

(Sourced from http://archrecord.construction.com/projects/bts/)

See anything up there that resembles your design suggestions (Hard Rock Cafe?). If not please explore (research) some of these building types before making your suggestion. It is common for a building to have a mix of this types mentioned above. E.g. Retail (major), with Restaurant, Leisure (minor) etc in one design. Think it out carefully and decide the most interesting and workable mix. The image above is a SPA linked with Spaces for Leisure.

Visit this site to learn more, I found it informative. More research needs to be done later to identify your SOA spaces. Remember the site analysis's function is just to determine the site's condition - SWOT - understand the site before beginning your design!

Any Questions? :)

DRN

Lets go to The Toilet!

Salam SEM06 and SEM05,

Would you go eat in a restaurant that looks like a toilet? Well it seems that there is a fair amount of people that do. This post invites you to think about the concept of a Theme Restaurant(TR). Excerpt below is from Wiki:


"Theme restaurants are restaurants in which the concept of the restaurant takes priority over everything else, influencing the architecture, food, music, and overall 'feel' of the restaurant. The food usually takes a backseat to the presentation of the theme, and these restaurants attract customers solely on the premise of the theme itself...

...The popular Rainforest Cafe restaurants have the obvious theme of a "Tropical Rainforest". Medieval Times has its theme of "Medieval Europe". The Jekyll & Hyde Club evokes an atmosphere of Jack the Ripper and Victorian horror novels. Some theme restaurants use controversial images, contexts, or ideas. The most notorious of them is Hitler's Cross, in Mumbai India.

One strange but famous theme restaurant in Berlin, Germany is called "das Klo" (German for "The toilet") it depicts the insides of a toilet. Many people consider the Rainforest Cafe to be the prototypical theme restaurant, and the restaurant which kicked off the theme restaurant fad. Theme restaurants often depend on tourist business, since the theme soon becomes stale to locals, and the focus is not necessarily placed on good food and service."

What do you think? Are they interesting, Why?/Why Not? Any type of TR that you are familiar with?

Have a break, Have a KitKat (in the Toilet) :)!

DRN

Nisbah Plot (Plot Ratio)

Salam DSB 06,
Berikut merupakan maklumat yang diperolehi mengenai Nisbah Plot dari http://www.townplan.gov.my/ensiklopedia/Glosari.pdf

Nisbah plot didefinisikan sebagai nisbah antara jumlah keluasan ruang lantai dengan keluasan tapak pembangunan termasuk serahan jalan atau anjakan bangunan (building setback). Piawaian bagi kawalan ini ditentukan di kawasan pusat bandar dan digunakan sebagai asas dalam meluluskan permohonan perancangan. Jika nisbah plot yang ditentukan ialah 1:3, maka jumlah ruang lantai maksima yang boleh dibangunkan adalah tiga kali keluasan tapak. Semoga dapat membantu :)

Contoh:
Singapore's Urban Redevelopment Authority Master Plan 2008 : disini
Lihat nisbah plot yang ditandakan di atas master plan.

7/1/11 - Seek & Speak

Salam SEM06,

Today we had our usual Seek and Speak(SS) session. Thank you to the groups that provided some images to be shared (as above, click to enlarge). I do hope that the discussion was helpful in designing your Communal Spaces. We also had the first glimpse of our AR. that will be joining us in our future crits. Please use this opportunity as best as you can.

Best of luck with your Measured Drawings. Hope to see you in one week time.

Any questions/suggestions on today's SS session?

DRN

Input 5/1/11- Site Analysis/Urban Design

Image from "melstout.com'

Salam Semua Sem06,

Malam ini (830mlm), Puan Emi dan Cik.Liyana telah memberi input mengenai Site analysis. Terima Kasih saya ucapkan kepada mereka (nampaknya mereka belum balik lagi dari pagi tadi). Hasil input yang telah diberi amat berguna untuk anda semua gunakan semasa membuat site analysis. Untuk rumusan, ada enam topik utama 'Urban Context' yang perlu dikaji:

- Location
- Site Context
- Size & Zoning
- Site Features ( Man-made & Natural)
- Circulation & Environmental Constraints
- Human & Cultural


Memang nampak gaya banyak yang ingin disampaikan dan agak susah untuk melaksanakan semuanya. Setiap yang baru itu memang susah untuk difahami. Nasihat saya adalah cuba untuk menyediakan satu analisa yang sebaik mungkin. Jadikan projek-2 ini satu projek yang paling menarik anda lakukan selama ini. Kali ini banyak kuasa pilihan terletak ditangan anda. Fikirlah dengan bijak.

Enjoy!

DRN

Studio 3/1/11 dan The Questions

Salam Semua,

Studio Hari ini di penuhi dengan input. Terima kasih dari kedua-dua kumpulan kerana mempersembahkan analisa pemilihan tapak. Satu percubaan yang baik, tetapi banyak lagi yang boleh diperbaiki. Jadi nampak gaya semester ini ada pembaharuan, dua tapak telah dipilih untuk direkabentukan. Syabas!

Terima Kasih pada En.Sid di atas input mengenai Site Analysis. Guna pakailah maklumat yang telah diberi untk presentation analisa tapak nanti. Ingat:

- Cuba guna bahasa Senireka Senibina yang betul dalam semua persembahan
- Ini termasuk bahasa garisan yang akan digunakan nanti.
- Sketches dan diagram (80%) tulisan (20%) lebih kurang
- Kaji tapak untuk memperolehi keistimewaannya (1 setengah batu)

Pada mereka yang akan ke KL nanti, observe dan rekodkan observation anda.



NEXT -- The questions

Here are the following list of CT questions:


Journalistic type questions
W W W W W H so What?

Definition type questions that probe assumptions
How does the dictionary define ________?
What do I mean by _______?
What group of things does ______ belong to?
What parts can ______be divided into?
What are some concrete examples of _______?


Questions that probe comparisons and contrast?
What is ___ similar to? In what ways ?
What is _____ different from? In what ways?
_____ is superior (inferior) from? How?

Questions about Relationship?
What causes ______?
What are the effects of _______?
What is the purpose/consequence of _____?


Testimony type questions
What have I heard people say about _____?
What are some facts of statistic about _____?
Can I quote any proverbs, or sayings about_____?


Questions that tags the issue:
How is _________ different from things similar to it?
How is it changing?
What are the different varieties of ____?
Where and when does ______take place?

The questions in summary
Describe it
Compare it
Associate it
Analyze it
Apply it
Argue for or against it

Tentu sekali anda tidak akan menggunakan semuanya, tetapi banyak dari soalan2 ini berguna. Cuba! Ada Soalan???

DRN

Memikir mengenai 'Communal Place' (CM)

Salam Semua SEM06,

Minggu lepas, ada beberapa pelajar yang telah ke tapak. Kini isu pemilihan tapak akan bermula. Tetapi bagaimanakah anda membuat keputusan? OK,OK memang betul firasat dan "GUT feeling" memang perlu. Tetapi jangan lupa akan kepentingan Pemikiran Kritis. Ia juga penting dalam membantu anda membuat keputusan, malah mencari bukti2 yang sahih adalah penting untuk memperkukuhkan cadangan tapak anda.

Semasa membuat sebarang pemilihan, teknik pemikiran Kritis di perlukan. Ingat tujuan pemikiran sebegini adalah jenis menjurus/fokus (convergent) melihat sesuatu perkara secara teliti, 'breakdown'kan perkara tersebut, lihat komponen2 nya dsb. Maka perkara perkara ini perlu di fikir dahulu sebelum sesuatu keputusan dibuat. Antaranya adalah:

- Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan Communal Place?; Apakah yang kumpulan ANDA maksudkan dengan Communal Place?

- Jenis Communal apakah yang anda fikir sesuai untuk tapak pilihan anda?

- Seperti 'Eatery', apakah komponen sesuatu CM? (Huraikan satu persatu dan kemudian cuba fikirkan apakah perhubungan antara komponen2 itu?

- Apakah keistimewaan tapak anda dan mengapa ianya sesuai dengan CM anda? Adakah observation/pemerhatian dibuat ditapak? dsb...

Setelah perkara2 ini difikirkan, barulah Anda boleh kenalpasti tapak mana yang PALING sesuai. Pemikiran Kritis memang penting sekiranya anda hendak berbicara secara logik dengan orang. Seperti teknik2 lain kecekapan menggunakan teknik ini bergantung latihan bertubi.

Ada dua jenis pekerja difirma; mereka yang lebih suka menurut perintah apabila diberi masalah; mereka yang suka berfikiran sendiri apabila diberi masalah. Memanglah kebanyakan firma suka akan golongan pertama tetapi kebolehan golongan kedua adalah satu bonus yang amat berharga kepada kedua2 firma dan diri ANDA!

CUBA gunakan Pemikiran Kritis dalam membuat sebarang keputusan! Teruskan berfikir!

DRN